Biological activities of essential oils from six genotypes of four Ocotea species

Abstract Essential oils from four Ocotea species collected in southern Brazil were evaluated for chemical composition using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The primary compound identified in O. acutifolia essential oil was an unsaturated tetracyclic diterpene, phyllocladene (67.7%), followed by a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, ß-selinene (18.0%). The sesquiterpene fraction was predominant in oils from two collections of O. puberula; ß-caryophyllene (25.2%) and globulol (22.6%) were the major compounds identified in collections 1 and 2, respectively. O. silvestris essential oil contained predominantly germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene. These compounds were also predominant in essential oil from O. indecora leaves collected from shady habitats. By contrast, essential oil extracted from O. indecora grown under direct sunlight contained mainly oxygenated sesquiterpenes, such as guaiol (30.2%), α-eudesmol (27.6%), and ß-eudesmol (12.7%). Chemotaxis assays showed that Ocotea essential oils had no significant inhibitory activity on leukocyte migration compared with a chemotactic stimulant (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli). However, the oils exhibited antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 500 µg/mL. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the in vitro antifungal and antichemotactic activities of essential oils from Ocotea species native to southern Brazil

Molecular Identification of 22 Species of Lauraceae by DNA Barcoding / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:DNA barcodes suitable for Lauraceae plants were screened，and 22 Lauraceae plants were identified and classified. Method:The DNA of 22 species of Lauraceae was extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction（PCR） with different DNA barcoding primers，followed by electrophoresis and sequencing. Codon Code Aligner was used to proofread，splice， and remove the forward and reverse primer sequences. The sequence was imported into DNAMAN for multiple sequence alignment，and the base mutation sites were analyzed. The Kimura 2-Parameter（K2P） distance of different plants was calculated by MEGA，and the variation degree was analyzed according to the genetic distance. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the adjacency method. Result:Three pairs of DNA barcoding primers were used to amplify and sequence the DNA of 22 species of Lauraceae，and 20 species were identified by comparing the specific base sites of gene sequences<bold>.</bold> Conclusion:Four <italic>Litsea</italic> plants could be identified by <italic>matK</italic>， three <italic>Phoebe</italic> plants except for<italic> Cinnamomum validinerve </italic>by<italic> rbcL</italic>， and 20 Lauraceae plants by the combination of<italic> matK</italic>， <italic>rbcL</italic>， and <italic>rpoB</italic>，which provided a theoretical basis for the identification and development of Lauraceae plants. Among them，<italic>matK</italic> was predominant in the identification of Lauraceae plants，and the results also showed that the combination of sequences for plant identification could achieve a better result in DNA barcoding. This study investigated the genetic relationship between Lauraceae plants at the molecular level，aiming at providing a basis for the investigation，cultivation，development，protection， and utilization of medicinal plant resources.

Ocotea (Lauraceae) Amazonian essential oils chemical composition and their tyrosinase inhibition to use in cosmetics / Ocotea (Lauraceae) composición química de aceites esenciales amazónicos y su inhibición de la tirosinasa para usar en cosméticos

This study presents analyses on the chemistry, biology, pharmacology and chromatography of essential oils extracted from three species of the Ocotea genus: O. minor, O. ceanothifolia and O. leucoxylon. Leaves and stems, as well as the bark of O. minor, were processed using a modified Clevenger apparatus. Seven essential oils were obtained and analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS, and their chemical compositions were determined. Assays of cytotoxicity, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, as well as tyrosinase and elastase inhibition were performed. In total, 25 constituents were identified, the principal being sesquiterpenes, such as spathulenol caryophyllene and its oxide. The oils did not present cytotoxicity using a hemolytic model, but also did not show antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay. Essential oil from stems of O. ceanothifolia, rich in spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide, demonstrated the capacity to inhibit 49.08% of tyrosinase activity at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. This research contributes to the chemical profile analysis of the three species of Ocoteathrough chemical investigations and biological activity, which are reported for the first time here in this study.

Este trabajo realiza un estudio químico, biológico, farmacológico y cromatográfico de aceites esenciales extraídos de tres especies del género Ocotea: O. minor, O. ceanothifoliay O. leucoxylon. Las hojas y tallos, así como la corteza de O. minor, se procesaron utilizando un aparato Clevenger modificado. Se obtuvieron siete aceites esenciales y se analizaron usando GC-FID y GC-MS, y se determinaron sus composiciones químicas. Se realizaron ensayos de citotoxicidad, actividad antioxidante y de atrapamiento de radicales libres, así como inhibición de tirosinasa y elastasa. En total, se identificaron 25 componentes, siendo los principales sesquiterpenos, como el spathulenol cariofileno y su óxido. Los aceites no presentaron citotoxicidad en un modelo hemolítico y tampoco mostraron actividad antioxidante en el ensayo con DPPH. El aceite esencial de tallos de O. ceanothifolia, rico en espatulenol y óxido de cariofileno, mostró capacidad para inhibir el 49.08% de la actividad de tirosinasa a una concentración de 100 µg/mL. Esta investigación contribuye al análisis del perfil químico de las tres especies de Ocotea a través de investigaciones químicas y actividad biológica la cual se informan por primera vez.

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm: review on phytochemistry and biological activities / Lindera agreggata (Sims) Kosterm: revisión de su fitoquímica y actividades biológicas

The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Most Lindera plants, particularly Lindera aggregata is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has important medicinal value and health benefits. Contemporary chemical and pharmacological studies have shown that L. aggregata are a source of structurally diverse molecules having pharmacological potential. In an effort to promote research on L. aggregata and develop therapeutic and pharmacological products, this review describes the structural diversity of its components and pharmacological and biological significance of L. aggregata. This review is based on a literature analysis of scientific journals from electronic sources, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Thus, with the growing interest in traditional medicine and botanical drugs worldwide, L. aggregata will increasingly capture chemists' and pharmacologists' attention because they produce diverse and structurally novel compounds having pharmacological significance.

El género Lindera consta de aproximadamente 100 especies que están ampliamente distribuidas en áreas tropicales y subtropicales en todo el mundo. La mayoría de las plantas de Lindera, particularmente Lindera aggregata, es parte conocida de la medicina tradicional china con un importante valor medicinal y beneficios para la salud. Estudios químicos y farmacológicos contemporáneos han demostrado que L. aggregata es una fuente de moléculas estructuralmente diversas que con potencial farmacológico. En un esfuerzo por promover la investigación sobre L. aggregata y desarrollar productos terapéuticos y farmacológicos, esta revisión describe la diversidad estructural de sus componentes y la importancia farmacológica y biológica de L. aggregata. Esta revisión se basa en un análisis de literatura de revistas científicas de fuentes electrónicas, como Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus y Web of Science. Por lo tanto, con el creciente interés en la medicina tradicional y las drogas botánicas en todo el mundo, L. aggregata captará cada vez más la atención de los químicos y farmacólogos debido a que producen compuestos diversos y estructuralmente novedosos que tienen importancia farmacológica.

Chemical constituents of leaves of Persea americana (avocado) and their protective effects against neomycin-induced hair cell damage

ABSTRACT Persea americana Mill., Lauraceae, commonly known as the avocado, is native to tropical and subtropical regions, including Brazil. From the leaves of P. americana, one previously undescribed flavonol glycoside (1) together with ten known flavonoids (2-11), four megastigmane glycosides (12-15) and two lignans (16-17) were isolated. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data. This is the first investigation that reports megastigmane glycoside and lignan classes within the genus Persea. All the isolated compounds have been assessed through the cell survival of larval zebrafish following neomycin-induced damage and the cell viability of a House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 mouse auditory cell line. Among the tested compounds, juglanin (2) and (+)-lyoniresinol (16) showed significant cell regeneration in neomycin-damaged hair cell without cellular toxicity.

A new lignan from the hawk tea / 药学学报

The chemical constituents of Litsea coreana were investigated using chromatographic methods, including column chromatography on silica gel, MCI, and semi-preparation HPLC. Two compounds were isolated and identified as hawktealignan A (1) and cinnamophilin (2) by NMR analyses as well as their physical and chemical properties. Compound 1 is a new lignan and compound 2 was isolated from this plant for the first time.

Chemical Constituents of Bark of Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble with Anticancer, Anti-Streptococcus pyogenes, Anti-Bacillus cereus and Anti Plesiomonas shigelloides Activities

Lauraceae is a family medicinal plant whose tubers possesses antimicrobial, and cytotoxic, such as antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory special effects and has been used for the medicine in the cure of hepatitis and rheumatism. The antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds including one neolignan; kunstlerone (1) and two alkaloids include isocaryachine (2) and noratherosperminine (3) as well as crude hexane, methanol and dichloromethane extracts were evaluated. Additionally, the effect of compounds 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated on A549, PC-3, A375, HT-29 and WRL-68 cell lines. In conclusion, kunstlerone 1 showed moderate cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines such as A549, PC-3, A375, HT-29 and WRL-68, respectively with EC₅₀ values of 28.02, 26.78, 33.78, 33.65 and 16.46 µg/mL. The crude methanol extract showed antigrowth activity against S. pyogenes II and B. cereus, with MICs of 256 µg/mL. The compounds kunstlerone (1), isocaryachine (2) and noratherosperminine (3) showed complete inhibition against P. shigelloides, with MIC ≤60 µg/mL compare to ampicillin, as a positive control, which showed antigrowth activity against P. shigelloides at MIC 10 µg/mL.

Cytotoxic Lactones from the Pericarps of Litsea japonica

From the pericarps of Litsea japonica (Thunb.) Jussieu, eighteen butanolide derivatives (1 – 18) were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against HeLa, HL-60, and MCF-7 cells. Compounds 1 – 9 with 2-alkylidene-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutanolides structure exhibited cytotoxic activities against cancer-cell lines. Among them, compound 8 (litsenolide D₂) exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines, including HeLa, HL-60, and MCF-7, with IC₅₀ values of 17.6 ± 1.3, 4.2 ± 0.2, and 12.8 ± 0.0 µM, respectively. Compound 8 induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Annexin V/Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining confirmed that 8 effectively induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. To the best of our knowledge, we have reported cytotoxic activity of butanolides from L. japonica against these cancer-cell lines for the first time.

Composition, antioxidant properties, and biological activities of the essential oil extracted from Ocotea diospyrifolia (Meisn.) Mez

The article has aimed to characterize the essential oil extracted from Ocotea diospyrifolia (Meisn.) Mez. leaves, in terms of its chemical composition and antioxidant, hemolytic, and phytotoxic potentials, as well as its toxicity against Artemia salina. The major constituents identified by CG-MS were d-elemene, spathulenol, and b-atlantol. When screened for potential biological activities, the essential oil presented low toxicity against Artemia salina, and a capacity of lysing red blood cells. Also, the evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity, using the phosphomolybdenum method, showed better results when compared to butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and rutin. In conclusion, the results obtained showed certain in vitro toxicity, leading to an interesting target for cytotoxicity evaluations of carcinoma cells.

Anatomical characters and chemical profile of leaves of three species in Lauraceae family

ABSTRACT The Lauraceae family is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical climates, has more than 2500 species and in the taxonomic point of view, it is one of the most difficult families to identify species. The aim of this study was to analyze the leaf anatomy of three species of Lauraceae (Ocotea indecora (Schott) Mez, Nectandra barbellata Coe-Teix. and Endlicheria paniculata (Spreng.) J.F.Macbr.) and identify the chemical profile of essential oil extracted from the leaves by hydrodistillation method. The leaves of the three species were obtained in "Parque Estadual Intervales", Atlantic Forest, São Paulo state, Brazil. Samples of leaves were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in synthetic resin and sectioned for mounting histological slides for anatomical description of leaf tissues. The essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation method from dried leaves was analyzed by gas chromatography to establish its chemical profile. The leaves are hypostomatic, the epidermis in E. paniculata and N. barbellata present regular cells walls and irregular cells walls in O. indecora in both sides of epidermis. The three species present a dorsiventral mesophyll. Histochemical analyses presented lipid substances in secretory cavity and cuticle; starch, phenolic compounds and mucilage were observed in parenchyma cells of midrib and mesophyll. Ultra structural analyses demonstrated that trichomes in the species E. paniculata and O. indecora are shown only on the abaxial leaf face and species N. barbellata presented trichomes on both sides of the epidermis (abaxial and adaxial). Ocotea indecora essential oil revealed as main compound the bicyclogermacrene and N. barbellata the δ-cadinene. The species showed different morphological characters and different compounds of the essential oil, being these data useful for the differentiation of the species.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and biological activity of Ocotea bicolor Vattimo-Gil (LAURACEAE) essential oil

ABSTRACT The essential oil composition of the Ocotea bicolor, native plant of Brazil, was studied for the first time. The essential oil of the leaf was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The analytical procedure revealed a predominance of sesquiterpenes, δ-cadinene (7.39%), ß-sesquiphellandrene (6.67%), ß-elemene (5.41%) and α-cadinol (5,23%). The essential oil was submitted to brine shrimp toxicity evaluation, antioxidant and antibacterial tests. The antioxidant activity by the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex method presented positive results. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were higher than 1000 µg/mL for the microorganisms tested. Toxicity activity revealed LC50 results of 40.10 (µg/mL), being toxic to the organisms in this study

Composición química del aceite esencial de Ocotea cymbarum Kunth (cascarillo y/o sasafrás) de la región Orinoquia / Chemical composition of essential oil of Ocotea cymbarum Kunth (cascarilla and/or sassafras) from the Orinoquía region

Introducción: en algunas poblaciones de la Orinoquia colombiana y/o venezolana venden, en plazas de mercado, los aceites de cascarillo y sasafrás; estos aceites son empleados para aliviar dolencias como artritis reumática, afecciones respiratorias y tratar picaduras de insectos y animales ponsoñosos. Los productos se obtienen de la especie Ocotea cymbarum Kunth, la cual tiene una abundante sinonimia botánica como Alseodaphne cymbarum,Licaria cymbarum, Misanteca cymbarum, Nectandra barcellensis, Nectandra cymbarum, Nectandra elaiophora, Nectandra oleífera y Ocotea barcellensis. Objetivo: realizar un análisis comparativo de las características fisicoquímicas del aceite esencial de cascarillo y/o sasafrás (posible Ocotea cymbarum Kunth). Métodos: la composición química relativa de los aceites obtenidos de madera y corteza fue determinada mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM), el cálculo y comparación de índices de retención en columnas de polaridad ortogonal y la comparación de los espectros de masas por impacto electrónico con los de las bases de datos NIST08.L, Wiley9.L. Resultados: fueron determinados 45 compuestos en las muestras analizadas y más del 90 por ciento de la composición relativa establecida para cada aceite corresponde a compuestos monoterpénicos principalmente alcanfor y alfa-terpineol. Al realizar un análisis de las rutas biosintéticas que conducen a la generación de los principales compuestos detectados en los aceites analizados, se evidenció que las especies de donde se obtuvieron estos aceites, presentan diferentes grados de evolución micromolecular. Conclusión: los aceites de cascarillo y sasafrás provienen de especies vegetales con diferentes grados de evolución química. Este resultado refuerza la evidencia de la alta diversidad biológica de la familia Lauraceae. El trabajo fue realizado con el apoyo financiero del Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Vegetales del departamento de Química de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá(AU)

Introduction: cascarilla and sassafras oils are sold in market places of some settlements in the Colombian and/or Venezuelan Orinoquía. These oils are used to alleviate conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory disorders, and to treat the bites of insects and poisonous animals. The oils are obtained from the species Ocotea cymbarum Kunth, which displays abundant botanical synonymy as Alseodaphne cymbarum, Licaria cymbarum,Misanteca cymbarum, Nectandra barcellensis, Nectandra cymbarum, Nectandra elaiophora, Nectandra oleífera and Ocotea barcellensis. Objective: carry out a comparative analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of essential oil of cascarilla and/or sassafras (Ocotea cymbarum Kunth).Methods: the relative chemical composition of oils obtained from wood and bark was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Estimation and comparison of retention indices was conducted with orthogonal polarity columns. Comparison of electron impact mass spectra was performed with the databases NIST08.L and Wiley9.L. Results: forty-five compounds were determined from the samples analyzed. More than 90 percent of the relative composition established for each oil corresponds to monoterpenic compounds, mainly camphor and alpha-terpineol. Analysis of the biosynthetic pathways leading to the generation of the main compounds detected in the oils studied, showed that the species from which the oils were obtained exhibit varying degrees of micromolecular evolution. Conclusion: cascarilla and sassafras oils are obtained from plant species at varying stages of chemical evolution. This result constitutes additional evidence of the great biological diversity of the Lauraceae family. The study was conducted with financial support from the Natural Plant Products Laboratory of the Chemistry Department at the National University of Colombia at Bogotá(AU)

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the leaves of ocotea caudata (nees) mez (lauraceae) from Colombia / Composición química y actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de las hojas de ocotea caudata (nees) mez(lauraceae) de Colombia

Ocotea is a genus that belong to Lauraceae family, which has about 56 species, distributed in Asia, Africa and mainly in America. The aim of this work was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of Ocotea caudata collected from Colombia. The chemical composition of the oil was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), being described for the first time. Thirty nine compounds (corresponding to 92.7 percent of the oil) were identified. The major constituents were germacrene D (55.8 percent), bicyclogermacrene (8.0 percent), beta-caryophyllene (4.6 percent) and beta-bourbonene (2.3 percent). Also the antibacterial activity of the oil was evaluated against two Gram (+) and two Gram (-) bacteria showing that the oil exhibited moderated activity against Gram (+) bacteria.

Resumen: Ocotea es un género perteneciente a la familia Lauraceae, que contiene cerca de 56 especies, distribuidas en Asia, Africa yprincipalmente América. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas de Ocoteacaudata colectadas en Colombia. La composición química del aceite fue determinada por cromatografía de gases–espectrometría de masas(GC-MS), siendo descrita por primera vez. Se identificaron treinta y nueve compuestos (correspondientes al 92.7% del aceite). Loscomponentes mayoritarios fueron germacreno D (55.8%), biciclogermacreno (8.0%), β-cariofileno (4.6%) y β-bourboneno (2.3%). Tambiénse evaluó la actividad antibacteriana del aceite frente a dos bacterias Gram (+) y dos Gram (-) encontrándose que el aceite presentómoderada actividad contra las bacterias Gram (+).

Clasificación de extractos etanólicos de especies de la familia Lauraceae por cromatografía en capa fina bidimensional y análisis estadísticos multivariado CCD-2D/ PCA-cluster / Classification of ethanolic extracts from Lauraceae species by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography and multivariate statistical analyses 2D-TLC/PCA-cluster / Classificação de extratos etanólicos de espécies da família Lauraceae utilizando cromatografia em placa fina bidimensional e estatística multivariada CCD-2D/PCA-cluster

Se caracterizaron los extractos etanólicos de hojas y cortezas de 13 especies de la familia Lauraceae mediante cromatografía en capa fina de dos dimensiones (2D-CCD). Los datos posteriores se analizaron mediante técnicas de análisis estadístico multivariado (cluster y análisis de componentes principales (PCA)). Lo anterior permitió hacer una distinción entre los extractos obtenidos de diferentes partes de la planta (hojas y cortezas). Se observó, además, que la metodología usada es capaz de diferenciar entre extractos obtenidos a partir de especies de Lauraceae y los de otras familias de plantas.

Leaves and barks ethanolic extracts from 13 Lauraceae species were characterized through two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D-TLC). The subsequent data was analized through multivariate statistical analysis techniques (cluster analysis and principal components analysis (PCA)). This allowed to do a distinction between extracts obtained from different parts of the plant (leaves and bark). In addition, it was observed that the implemented methodology is able to differentiate between extracts obtained from Lauraceae species and some obtained from other plant families.

Caracterizaram-se os extratos etanólicos de folhas e casca obtidos a partir de espécies da família Lauraceae por cromatografia em camada fina em duas dimensões (2D-CCF). Os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando técnicas de análise estatística multivariada tipo análise de cluster e análise de componentes principais (PCA). As técnicas estadísticas permitiram fazer uma distinção entre os extratos obtidos a partir de diferentes partes da planta (folhas e casca). Além disso, observou-se que o método utilização é capaz de diferenciar entre os extratos provenientes de espécies de Lauraceae daqueles obtidos a partir de outras famílias de plantas.

Assesment of platelet antiaggregant activity of a fraction from an ethanolic extract of the bark of Nectandra amazonum Nees / Evaluación de la actividad antiagregante plaquetaria de una fracción del extracto etanólico de corteza de Nectandra amazonum Nees

Background: Some species of the Lauraceae family are known to produce secondary metabolites that have antiplatelet properties. Studies on the leaves of Nectandra amazonum Nees. have shown antiaggregant activity but the bark of this species has not been studied. Objectives: To assess the antiplatelet effect of the ethanolic fraction obtained from the bark of Nectandra amazonum Nees. [N.V. "laurel amarillo", Lauraceae] applying the "Born" turbidimetric method. Methods: The screening test compared the effects of a fraction of N. amazonum (0.1 mg/mL), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 0.5 mM, as reference standard) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO, 0.1%, as control) on human platelets stimulated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 2 µM), epinephrine (EPI, 1 uM (one micromolar)), collagen (COLL, 1 µg/mL) and arachidonic acid (AA, 0.2 mg/mL). Subsequently, the study focused on determining the antiaggregant potency of the N. amazonum fraction through concentration - response curves (from 1 µg/mL to 0.4 mg/ mL), obtaining pIC50 (-log IC50) values against the platelet agonists. Results: Control platelets attained the highest percentage values of aggregation (96% AA, 89% EPI, 85% COLL, and 77% ADP). The N. amazonum fraction significantly reduced the aggregation effects (6% AA, 45% EPI, 10% COLL, 21% ADP), with values close to those obtained with ASA (17% AA, 21% EPI, 10% COLL, 20% ADP). According to concentration - response curves, the pIC50 values of the ethanolic fraction indicated the following order of potency: AA, 4.90 > ADP, 4.51 > COLL, 4.33 > EPI, 3.85. Conclusions: These results suggest that the N. amazonum Nees. ethanolic fraction elicited antiplatelet effects mainly related to the inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway.

Antecedentes: Algunas especies de la familia Lauraceae poseen metabolitos secundarios que ejercen efectos antiplaquetarios. Estudios de las hojas de Nectandra amazonum Nees. han mostrado esa actividad, pero no se conoce sobre las propiedades antiagregantes de su corteza. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto antiagregante plaquetario de la fracción etanólica obtenida de la corteza de Nectandra amazonum Nees. [N.V. "laurel amarillo", Lauraceae] aplicando el método turbidimétrico de Born. Métodos: En el tamizaje antiagregante se comparó la fracción de N. amazonum (0,1 mg/mL) con ácido acetil salicílico (ASA 0,5 mM, como estándar de referencia) y dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO, 0,1%, como control) en plaquetas humanas estimuladas con adenosin difosfato (ADP, 2 µM), epinefrina (EPI, 1 uM (uno micromolar)), colágeno (COLL, 1 µg/mL) y ácido araquidónico (AA, 0,2 mg/mL). Posteriormente, el estudio se enfocó en la determinación de la potencia antiagregante de la fracción mediante curvas de concentración - respuesta (desde 1 µg/mL hasta 0,4 mg/mL) para obtener los valores respectivos de pIC50 (-log CI50). Resultados: En el grupo control se alcanzaron altos valores de agregación plaquetaria (96% AA, 89% EPI, 85% COLL, 77% ADP). La fracción de N. amazonum redujo significativamente la agregación (6% AA, 45% EPI, 10% COLL, 21% ADP), con valores próximos a los obtenidos con ASA (17% AA, 21% EPI, 10% COLL, 20% ADP). De acuerdo con las curvas de concentración ­ respuesta, los valores de pIC50 arrojaron el siguiente orden de potencia: AA, 4,90 > ADP, 4,51 > COLL, 4,33 > EPI, 3,85. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la fracción etanólica de N. amazonum Nees ejerce efectos antiplaquetarios relacionados especialmente con la cascada metabólica del ácido araquidónico.

Genus Nectandra: phytochemistry and biological activity / Género Nectandra: fitoquímica y actividad biológica

The genus Nectandra belongs to the Ocotea complex and these species (Nectandra) are generally trees. It is considered endemic in the Neotropics. This genus has been reported uses in folk medicine as antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, analgesic, treatment of ulcers, and febrifuge, among others; have also been reported some biological activity assays including: antitumor and antimalarial activity, activity against cardiovascular disease, among others. The genus Nectandra contains different secondary metabolites and they have been reported: Alkaloids; such as aporfinic, proaporfin, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and morfinandienone-type; lignans and neolignans, furofuran, benzofuran, tetrahydrofuran and dihydrofuran, and 3,3-neolignans-type; terpenes and sesquiterpenoid (monocyclic and bicyclic); Phytosterols and derived from those (3-hydroxy and the 3-ketone pentacyclic compounds); flavonoids, particularly O- glycosylated; xanthones, phenolic acids, polyalcohol, and alkene-alkyne, especially rubrenolide and rubrynolide.

El género Nectandra pertenece al complejo Ocotea y estas especies (Nectandra) son por lo general árboles. Se considera endémica en el Neotrópico. Este género se ha informado de usos en medicina popular como antifúngico, anti-inflamatorio, antimalárico, analgésico, el tratamiento de las úlceras, y febrífugo, entre otros; También se han informado de algunos ensayos de actividad biológica, incluyendo: antitumoral y actividad antipalúdica, actividad contra las enfermedades cardiovasculares, entre otros. El género Nectandra contiene diferentes metabolitos secundarios y se han reportado alcaloides; tales como aporfinas, proaporfina, benzylisoquinolina, y del tipo morfinandienona; lignanos y neolignanos, furofuran, benzofurano, tetrahidrofurano y dihidrofurano, y del tipo 3,3-neolignanos; terpenos y sesquiterpenoide (monocíclicos y bicíclicos); Los fitoesteroles se derivan de aquellos (3-hidroxi y los compuestos pentacíclicos 3-cetona); flavonoides, particularmente O-glicosilada; xantonas, ácidos fenólicos, polialcohol, y alqueno-alquino, especialmente rubrenolide y rubrynolida.

Antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of Hyptis spp., P. heptaphyllum, T.panamensis, T. rhoifolia and Ocotea sp / Capacidad antioxidante y contenido de fenoles totales de hyptis spp., P. heptaphyllum, T. panamensis, T. rhoifolia, y Ocotea sp / Capacidade antioxidante e conteúdo de fenóis totais de Hyptis spp., P. heptaphyllum, T. panamensis, T. rhoifolia, e Ocotea sp

In this work, the possible correlation between the antioxidant activities and the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and chemical composition of Lamiaceae (H. conferta, H. dilatata, H. mutabilis, H. suaveolens), Burseraceae (P. heptaphyllum, T. rhoifoila, T. panamensis), and Lauraceae (Ocotea sp.) were evaluated. The Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity or the Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) was determined by using a colorimetric assay with the ABTS radical cation, Effective Concentration (EC50) was evaluated with the DPPH radical, and the TPC was established by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, for ethanolic extracts obtained by cold maceration and evaporation to dryness. Both the TAA and the EC50 were highly correlated with the TPC. The barks of T. rhoifolia and T. panamensis demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacities. The Burseraceae spp. exhibited the highest TPC, and the Lamiaceae (Hyptis spp.) demonstrated the lowest TPC.

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a possível correlação entre as atividades antioxidantes, o conteúdo de fenóis totais e a composição química de Lamiaceae (H. conferta, H. dilatata, H. mutabilis, H. suaveolens), Burseraceae (P. heptaphyllum, T. rhoifoila, T. panamensis), e Lauraceae (Ocotea sp.). Para os extratos de etanol obtidos por maceração em frio e evaporação até a secura, a Capacidade Antioxidante Equivalente ao Trolox ou à Atividade Antioxidante Total (AAT), foi determinada por meio de um ensaio colorimétrico com o cátion radical ABTS, a concentração eficaz (EC50) foi avaliada com o radical DPPH, e o Conteúdo de Fenóis Totais (CFT) foi estabelecido pelo método do Folin-Ciocalteu. Tanto a AAT quanto a EC50 estiveram altamente relacionadas com a CFT. A casca de T. rhoifolia e T. panamensis apresentaram as maiores capacidades antioxidantes. As Burseraceae spp. apresentaram o CFT mais alto, e as Lamiaceae (Hyptis spp.) apresentaram o CFT mais baixo.

En este trabajo se evaluó la posible correlación entre las actividades antioxidantes, el contenido de fenoles totales (CFT) y la composición química de Lamiaceae (H. conferta, H. dilatata, H. mutabilis, H. suaveolens), Burseraceae (P. heptaphyllum, T. rhoifoila, T. panamensis) y Lauraceae (Ocotea sp.). Para los extractos etanólicos obtenidos por maceración en frio y evaporación a sequedad, la Capacidad Antioxidante Equivalente al Trolox o la Actividad Antioxidante Total (AAT), fueron determinadas mediante un ensayo colorimétrico con el catión radical ABTS, la Concentración Efectiva (EC50) fue evaluada con el radical DPPH, y el Contenido de Fenoles Totales (CFT), fue establecido mediante el método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Tanto la AAT como la EC50 estuvieron altamente correlacionados con el CFT. Las cortezas de T. rhoifolia y T. panamensis mostraron las capacidades antioxidantes más altas. Las Burseraceae spp. mostraron los TPC más altos y las Lamiaceae (Hyptis spp.) mostraron los TPC más bajos.

Seasonal influence on the essential oil production of Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez

This study evaluated the seasonal influence on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of Nectandra megapotamica. Fresh young (YL) and old leaves (OL) obtained from three trees in each season (Nov/2010 to Sep/2011) collected in Santa Maria-RS were hydrodistilled in triplicate. The chemical composition was determined by the gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the yield on dry basis was evaluated by two-way ANOVA (seasons, development stage). Spring (Sp) and summer (Su) showed higher average incomes (0.45 and 0.33%), which occurred when flowering, fruiting, and growth of YL and senescence of OL took place, while autumn (Au) presented the lowest yield (0.25%) during the rustification of OL. The highest yield was obtained for the YL in Sp (0.59%) and the lowest for the OL in Au (0.21%). The major constituents of the EO were independent from the season and were identified as α-pinene, bicyclogermacrene, β-pinene, germacrene D, and limonene. Seasonality and phenology influenced the production of EO probably due to morphological and metabolic alterations in the leaves as well as due to the needs of the tree, such as attraction and/or protection.

Chemical constituents in stems of Neocinnamomum delavayi / 中草药

To investigate the chemical constituents in the stems of Neocinnamomum delavayi. The compounds were isolated by silica gel, MCI gel, RP-18, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies and semi-preparative HPLC, and the structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Seventeen compounds were isolated from the 80% EtOH extract in the stems of N. delavayi, including four phenolic glucosides, three lignans, six sesquiterpenoids, three flavonoids, and one sterol. They were identified as 6-O-syringoyl-1-O-vanilloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 6-O-acetyl-1-O-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl)-β-D-glucopyra-noside (2), 1, 6-di-O-syringoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl-6-O-syringoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), lirioresinol B dimethyl ether (5), sesartemin (6), (+)-9'-O-(E)-feruloyl-5, 5'-dimethoxylariciresinol (7), oplodiol (8), cryptomeridiol (9), 4-epicryptomeridiol (10), 7α, 11-dihydroxy-cadin-10 (14)-ene (11), (-)-clovane-2, 9-diol (12), phaseic acid (13), catechin (14), epicatechin (15), trans-dihydroquercetin (16), and (24S)-24-ethylcholsta-3β, 5α, 6β-triol (17). Compounds 1 and 2 are two new phenolic glucosides named neocinnamosides A and B, respectively, while compounds 3-17 are isolated from the plants of genus Neocinnamomum Liou for the first time.

Composição de óleos essenciais de Dicypellium manausense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba e Pleurothyrium vasquezii, quatro espécies amazônicas da família Lauraceae / Composición de aceites esenciales de Dicypellium manausense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba y Pleurothyrium vasquezii, cuatro especies de Lauraceae de amazónia / Você quis dizer: Composição de óleos essenciais de Dicypellium manauense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba e Pleurothyrium vasquezii, quatro espécies amazônicas da família Lauraceae Composition of essential oils manausense Dicypellium, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus Itauba and Pleurothyrium vasquezii four Amazonian species of the Lauraceae family

Essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Dicypellium manausense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba and Pleurothyrium vasquezii collected at the Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus, Brazil) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by CG-FID and GC-MS. Essential oil yields ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 percent (w/w of dry material). The major components were beta-caryophyllene in the leaves of D. manausense (39.5 percent), leaves and branches of M. duckei (32.6 and 18.4 percent, respectively) and branches of M. itauba (51.8 percent); and germacrene D in the leaves of D. manausense (6.7 percent), branches of M. itauba (9.1 percent) and leaves and branches of P. vasquezii (15.6 and 8.0 percent, respectively). This paper describes for the first time the composition of these essential oils.

Os óleos essenciais obtidos das partes aéreas de Dicypellium manausense, Mezilaurus duckei, Mezilaurus itauba e Pleurothyrium vasquezii coletadas na Reserva Florestal Ducke (Manaus, Brasil) foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados por CG-DIC e CG-EM. Os rendimentos dos óleos variaram de 0,1 a 0,2 por cento (m/m de material seco). Os principais componentes foram beta-cariofileno nas folhas de D. manausense (39,5 por cento), folhas e galhos de M. duckei (32,6 e 18,4 por cento, respectivamente) e galhos de M. itauba (51,8 por cento) e germacreno D na folhas de D. manausense (6,7 por cento), galhos de M. itauba (9,1 por cento) e folhas e galhos de P. vasquezii (15,6 e 8,0 por cento, respectivamente). Este trabalho descreve pela primeira vez a composição desses óleos.